Coal can also be liquefied directly into liquid fuels through direct coal liquefaction (DCL) processes at around 450500 °C under 1530 MPa H 2 in a suitable solvent with appropriate catalysts [ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ].
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In recent years, the liquefaction potential of coals has been investigated to increase the yield of coal conversion processes and the quality of liquid fuels obtained from coal. However, the liquefaction process of coal and biomass materials known as coliquefaction has not been developed in Malaysia.
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The main examples of indirect liquefaction methods for converting biomass to liquid fuel employ synthesis gas as their feedstock. The majority of these processes were originally developed for the conversion of coal and natural gas to liquid products. Technically, however, they should work equally well using synthesis gas produced from oxygen gasification.
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Coal can also be liquefied directly into liquid fuels through direct coal liquefaction (DCL) processes at around 450500 °C under 1530 MPa H 2 in a suitable solvent with appropriate catalysts [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. In many processes, the solvent used can facilitate the heat and mass transfer during chemical reactions, and function as a ...
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The decomposition process in coal liquefaction is consisting of pyrolysis, solvent extraction and liquefaction processes directly or indirectly [2] [3][4]. The pyrolysis reaction is a complex ...
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ICL includes two steps; in the first step, coal is converted into syngas ( Coal+H2OCO+H2), and during the last step, syngas is synthesized in the presence of a catalyst into liquid fuels.
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For the most highly developed processes, coal conversion can be as high as 90% on a mineral ash free basis, with a C 5+ distillate yield up to 75% and hydrogen consumption of 57% wt. When an external catalyst is used, it is typically some combination of cobalt, nickel, and molybdenum on a solid acid support such as silicaalumina [].In slurry hydrogenation processes, catalyst lifetime is ...
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Coal to liquid technology includes direct coal liquefaction (DCL), indirect coal liquefaction (ICL), coal to methanol to gasoline (CTMTG), and coal tar hydrogenation (CTH) (Xie, 2021; Zhang et al ...
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Basic conversion chemistry, chemical structures of coal and lignin biomass are discussed, followed by process technologies for direct liquefaction, liquid quality, process control and modeling, advantages and limitations, and future trends.
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The environmental footprint of coal liquefaction processes can usually be reduced by coprocessing ... [18], [19]. In addition, utilization of biomass in the DCL process can reduce the external hydrogen demand in ... the carbon footprint of the energy conversion processes can be reduced by adding biomass and applying CCS technologies at the ...
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The growing demand for petroleum, accompanied by the declining petroleum reserves and the concerns over energy security, has intensified the interest in direct coal liquefaction (DCL), particularly in countries such as China which is rich in coal resources, but short of petroleum. In addition to a general introduction on the mechanisms and processes of DCL, this paper overviews some recent ...
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Characterization of Oxygenated Species in Coal Liquefaction Products: An Overview. ... Z. R. Ismagilov. The relationship between the molecular composition of coal and the conversion of its organic matter during thermal dissolution. Carbon Letters 2022, 32 (4 ... (DCL) processes and technology for coal and biomass conversion. 2011 ...
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catalyst in the DCL of Shenhua coal at 400 °C. and MPa H. 2. resulted in a coal conversion and (gas + oil) yield, up to % and %, respectively, much higher than those obtained with FeS ...
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Direct liquefaction (DCL) processes and technology for coal and biomass conversion C. B. Clifford Chunshan Song Chemistry 2011 Abstract: This chapter focuses on liquefaction of solids, primarily coal and biomass sources such as lignin. In a twostep process the molecular structure is broken into fragments and hydrogenated,. Expand 4
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Coal liquefaction is a process of converting coal into liquid hydrocarbons: liquid fuels and process is often known as "Coal to X" or "Carbon to X", where X can be many different hydrocarbonbased products. However, the most common process chain is "Coal to Liquid Fuels" (CTL).
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Transcript and Presenter's Notes. Title: Coal Conversion. 1. Coal Conversion Pathwayto Alternate Fuels. C. Lowell Miller. Director, Office of Sequestration, Hydrogen, and. Clean Coal Fuels. Office of Fossil Energy Department of Energy. 2007 EIA Energy Outlook Modeling and Data.
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Basic conversion chemistry, chemical structures of coal and lignin biomass are discussed, followed by process technologies for direct liquefaction, liquid quality, process control and modeling, advantages and limitations, and future trends.
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Various metal compounds have been used to catalyze the process. This type of CTL technology is called direct coal liquefaction (DCL). DCL technology involves making a partially refined synthetic crude oil directly from coal, which is then further refined into synthetic gasoline and diesel as well as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
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The term ''coaltoliquids'' (CTL) refers to conversion of solid coal into liquid fuels and chemicals through either of two principle,11 Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) involves ...
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When considering the development of coal liquefaction process using syngas, in addition to the above typical processes, hydrothermal liquefaction process is a technology worthy of reference. Hydrothermal liquefaction [110], [111], [112] is an effective and emerging technology that can convert both coals and biomass containing high moisture ...
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1Solidhydrocarbonfuelprocessingandtechnology103 4 Directliquefaction (DCL)processes andtechnology forcoalandbiomass conversion105 C. BurgessCliffordandC.
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The use of highcarbonbased feeds to produce alternative fuels and valueadded chemicals is discussed. Basic conversion chemistry, chemical structures of coal and lignin biomass are discussed, followed by process technologies for direct liquefaction, liquid quality, process control and modeling, advantages and limitations, and future trends.
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With appropriate product upgrading, synthetic fuels produced from the DCL process can be directly used in the current motor engines. However, similar to other coal liquefaction processes, the DCL process has not been widely commercialized mainly because of economic uncertainty, high CO 2 emission, and high capital cost [1], [2].
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Fingerprint Abstract This chapter focuses on liquefaction of solids, primarily coal and biomass sources such as lignin. In a twostep process the molecular structure is broken into fragments and hydrogenated, increasing the hydrogentocarbon ratio and preventing retrogressive reactions.
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As the cost of production is a key determinant of longterm viability, developing methods that reduce the cost of direct coal liquefaction has posed a challenge to scientists and industrial organizations worldwide. This paper summarizes recent developments in technology and processes and explores the overall economic competitiveness of direct coal liquefaction using the China Shenhua Group ...
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There remains an important need for economical coal and biomass to liquids conversion processes with reduced carbon dioxide emissions and efficient use of carbon resources. ... 1—CO 2 carbon capture and conversion to a biological material such as algae; 2—direct coal liquefaction (DCL); 3—indirect conversion of biomass and/or coal to ...
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